第二节 动词的用法

一、动词的分类

动词可以依据其含义及在句中的作用分成四类，包括即实义动词、系动词、助动词和情态动词。

（一）实义动词

实义动词是用来表示行为、动作或状态的词，其词义完整，可单独作谓语。例如：

But chariots maintained their place in parades and triumphs right up until the end of the Roman Empire 1,500 years later.（CET-4, 2014.06）

Without social pressures to keep pair-bonds, romantic love plays a key role in maintaining long-term relationships.（CET-4, 2013.06）

（二）系动词

系动词也称连系动词（Link Verb），后边必须跟表语构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。

The problem is that such an impulse is hard to sustain Across the country, many similar families were unable to maintain the initial boost in morale（士气）.（CET-4, 2012.06）

But it gets complicated.

The latest congressional report acknowledges the critical importance of technical training, but also asserts that the study of the humanities and social sciences must remain central components of America's educational system at all levels.（CET-4, 2014.06）

Almost all said that their cell phone was the way they stayed in touch with peers, one-third had used the cell phone to help a peer in need, and about 80% said the phone made them feel safer.（CET-6, 2013.12）

Though the Swedish model appears workable for most American parents, it may not be accepted by them in its entirety.（CET-6, 2014.06）

Goldman Sachs, an investment bank, canceled a conference in Las Vegas at the last minute and rebooked it in San Francisco, which cost more but sounded less fun.（CET-4, 2013.06）

The flower smells good.

Surveys show that the number of worried Americans has been steadily growing over the years as the computer becomes increasingly efficient, easier to operate, and less costly to purchase and maintain.（CET-4, 2013.06）

The college admission essay contains the grandest American themes―status anxiety, parental piety, intellectual standards—and so it is only a matter of time before it becomes infected by the country's culture of excessive concern with selfesteem.（CET-6, 2013.12）

It proves profitable to both sides.（CET-4, 2014.06）

The change cut their expenditures in half, but the new living arrangementproved too challenging.（CET-6, 2012.12）

（三）助动词

助动词（Auxiliary Verb）是指协助主要动词构成谓语动词词组的词。被协助的动词称作主要动词（Main Verb）。助动词自身没有词义，不可单独使用，例如：

He doesn't like physics.（doesn't是助动词，无词义，协助主要动词like构成谓语）

助动词协助主要动词可以用来表示时态、语态、语气等，如：

She is going to visit Tianjin.

He has left here.

He was sent to Shanghai.

—What do you want? —Noodles, please.

Do not wait for fortunate things to happen to you. You need to walk towards happiness.

The woman feels lucky to have got a ticket.

Many people do not have clear memories of past events.

The officers are facing large challenges.

The students were encouraged by teacher.

By the end of last month, they had finished more than half of their task.

Don't do this!

I did attend the meeting.

Mark suggests that we should stop and think carefully about our plan.

（四）情态动词

情态动词本身虽有意义，但不能单独作谓语，与实义动词的原形一起作谓语，表示说话人的能力、说话人的语气或情态，例如：

They can only afford a second-hand car.

I must arrive there before the meeting.

二、谓语动词用法

（一）动词的时态

动词时态是表示动作和状态在各种时间条件下的动词形式。“时”是指动作发生的时段或状态存在的时间，包括“现在、过去、将来、过去将来”四种；“态”是指动作发生时所处的状态，包括“一般、进行、完成、完成进行”四种。动作的时与态结合，形成16种时态（见下表）：

1．一般现在时

表示当前的状态或习惯性的动作、主语的属性等。

时间状语：always, usually, often, sometimes, every day, once a week, on Sundays等。

基本结构：主语+be/do。如：

This technological problem remains to be solved. 10

2．一般过去时

表示过去的时间发生的动作或存在的状态，过去经常或反复发生的动作。

时间状语：two years ago, yesterday, last week, in 1981, just now, at the age of 5, long long ago, once upon a time等。

基本结构：主语+动词的过去式/主语+系动词过去式+表语。如：

She often went to Beijing to attend meetings last year.

3．一般将来时

表示将要发生的动作、打算、计划。

时间状语：tomorrow, soon, in a few minutes, the day after tomorrow等。

基本结构：主语+is/am/are going to+do sth；主语+will/shall+do sth。如：

They are going to have a speech contest.

4．一般过去将来时

基于过去某一时刻，从过去看将来，常用于从句中。

时间状语：the next day（morning/year）, the following month（week. . .）等。

基本结构：主语+was/were+going to+do；主语+would/should+do。如：

He said he would go to NewYork the next day.

5．现在进行时

表示说话时或当前阶段正在进行或发生的动作。

时间状语：now, at this time等。

基本结构：主语+ be+doing。如：

He is playing basketball now.

6．过去进行时

表示过去某时间正在发生或进行的动作。

时间状语：at this time yesterday, at that time或表示过去的时间状语。

基本结构：主语+was/were+doing。如：

When Mary came in, I was listening to music.

7．将来进行时

表示将来某个时刻正在进行的动作。

时间状语：soon, tomorrow, this evening, on Sunday, in two days, tomorrow evening等。

基本结构：主语+shall/will+be+现在分词。如：

He will be coming to the party this evening.

8．过去将来进行时

基于过去某一时间，在将来某一时刻正在进行的动作。

基本结构：should/would+be+现在分词。如：

She said he could not come because she would be having a meeting.

9．现在完成时

动作在过去时间发生一直持续到现在，或已完成但对现在产生影响。

时间状语：already, just, never, ever, so far, by now, since+时间点，for+时间段，recently, lately等。

基本结构：主语+ have/has+过去分词。如：

Large changes have taken place in the countryside in the past few years.

10．过去完成时

以过去某个时间为基准，在此以前发生的动作对基准时间行为产生影响，或在过去某动作之前完成的行为。

时间状语：before, by the end of last year等。

基本结构：主语+had+过去分词。如：

By the end of last year, he had stayed in London for four years.

11．将来完成时

在将来某一时刻之前开始的动作并一直持续或对将来产生影响。

时间状语：by the time of, by the end of +时间短语（将来）, by the time+从句（将来）等。

基本结构：主语+be going to/will/shall+have+过去分词。如：

By the time you get back, great changes will have taken place in this area.

12．过去将来完成时

表示在过去某一时间发生并对将来某一时刻产生影响的动作，常用在虚拟语气中。

基本结构：should/would have done sth。如：

If I had known that you were coming, I would have met you at the airport.

13．现在完成进行时

表示从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在的动作，可能仍在继续，并可能延续到将来。

基本结构：主语+have/has+been+doing。

时间状语：since+时间点，for+时间段。如：

I have been here for an hour. 12

14．过去完成进行时

表示某个过去正在进行的动作，持续到过去某个时刻或将继续持续。

基本结构：主语+had been+doing。如：

They had been expecting the news for three months.

15．将来完成进行时

表示动作从某一时间开始一直延续到将来某一时间。

基本结构：shall/will have been doing。如：

Dahlia will have been in China for 9 years by the end of this year.

16．过去将来完成进行时

表示从过去某时刻看至将来某时刻以前会一直在进行的动作。

基本结构：should/would+have+been+现在分词。如：

Dahlia told me that by the end of the year she would have been living in China for eight years.

（二）动词的语态

主动语态中，主语是谓语动作的实施方，即谓语的动作源自主语并施加于宾语。相反，被动语态中，主语是谓语动作的承受方，如果有宾语的，宾语往往是谓语动作的发出者。在语法结构上，主动语态直接使用动词原形作为谓语，然后再在该动词原形的基础上依据时态要求对动词形式进行相应变化；而被动语态则使用系动词+动词的过去分词作为谓语，各种时态的表现形式主要由系动词的形式体现。

例句：

主动语态：Mike writes a letter every week.

被动语态：A letter is written by Mike every week.

主动语态：He has read two novels so far.

被动语态：Two novels have been read by him so far.

（三）动词的语气

语气是动词的一种形式，它表示说话人对某一行为或事情的看法和态度。

1．陈述语气

陈述语气表示动作或状态是真实的、符合现实的或确定的，用于陈述句、疑问句和某些感叹句。如：

（1）He didn't go to school yesterday.（陈述句）

（2）What a beautiful girl she is!（感叹句）

2．祈使语气

祈使语气表示说话人的建议、请求、邀请、命令等，一般主语为第二人称并省略。如：

（1）Open the window, please.（请求）

（2）Turn off the light.（命令）

3．虚拟语气

虚拟语气表示动作或状态不是客观存在的事实或与现实情况相反，是说话人的主观愿望、假设或推测等，主要表达“非真实意义”与“假设意义”。主要用在if非真实条件句、wish、suggest等情况中。如：

（1）I wish I were a bird.

（2）If there were no gravity, we should not be able to walk.

（3）If you had been here yesterday, you would have seen him.

三、非谓语动词的用法

非谓语动词主要包括动词不定式与分词。非谓语动词不能够作谓语，但仍保留动词的特征，可带有宾语和状语，并可有时态与语态的变化。

（一）动词不定式

不定式短语可做主语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语、同位语、定语及状语等句子成分。

1．不定式做主语

不定式短语可放在句首充当句子的主语。或将it做形式主语放在句首，而将真正的主语——不定式放到句末。

To learn English well is very important.

It is very important to learn English well.

Is it necessary to bring an umbrella today？

注意：当不定式做主语时，逻辑主语应用for sb．或of sb．如：

It is very important for you to memorize the new words if you want to learn English well.

It is very kind of you to help us.

2．不定式做宾语

He agrees to go with us.

I want to buy a English-Chinese dictionary.

注意：

（1）不定式并非可做任何及物动词的宾语。能接不定式做宾语的动词有：ask, decide, desire, demand, like, long, love, intend, want, wish, determine, afford, agree, arrange, attempt, begin, care, choose, continue, dare, expect, fail, hate, hesitate, hope, know, learn, manage, need, plan, prepare, refuse, wait, wonder等。

例如：

Can you afford to buy such an expensive house？

He planned to go travelling with you.

（2）做宾语的不定式如果跟有自己的补足语，则需用it做形式宾语，而将真正的宾语置于补足语之后。

例如：

I find it interesting to play games with you.

3．不定式做宾语补足语

The guide advised us to buy some local specialties after walking around West Lake.

4．不定式做表语

不定式短语可用来做系动词的表语，且一般不定式前面的to不能省略。

例如：

My dream is to become a successful businessman like Jack Ma.

My job is to teach English.

What I want to do is pass the CET-4.

What he wants to do is playing basketball after class.

5．不定式做定语

不定式做定语时，一般需后置，即放在被修饰的名词、代词之后，表示即将发生的动作。

例如：

We have a lot of house work to do.

I have some clothes to wash.

I have a dream to travel around the world.

6．不定式做状语

不定式做状语，主要用于表达动作的目的、结果和原因。

To catch the train, we get up at four in the morning.

He goes the shop to buy some fruits.

Lily bought some vegetables and meat to cook dinner for her family.

I hurried to the railway station yesterday only to find that the train had left.

We set out too late to catch the early bus.

I'm very glad to hear that Lucy has been elected monitor of the class.

（二）分词

分词主要包括现在分词和过去分词。一般来讲，现在分词表示主动、正在进行的动作，而过去分词表示被动，或表示动作已经完成。

1．分词作定语

We can see the rising sun.

His mother is a retired teacher.

There were ten kids sitting around the teacher.

2．分词作状语

Not receiving any information from him, I gave him a call.

Listening to music, Mary danced to the rhythm.

Seen from the mountain, the village looks very small.

3．分词作补语

通常在感官动词和使役动词之后，例如：

I found the story very touching.

I'll have my bike repaired.

4．分词作表语

She looked tired with cooking.

He remained standing beside the table.

He is interested in the story.

The book is so interesting that he was reading for the whole morning.