第六节 写作常用词汇

语言表达是作文成功的关键。选择恰当的词汇来表达自己所确定的内容，才能表达清楚，文字连贯，突出中心。大学生在学习英语写作时应积极拓展词汇，力求准确表达。本节内容主要聚焦热点话题，帮助学习者掌握相关领域的词汇，主要包括科技类、教育类、经济类、社会生活类等各领域的词汇，并结合作文命题进行写作，每部分附有相关主题图画或图表，作为写作命题启发学习者思考主题词汇的运用与组织相关话题内容。另外，介绍图画图标常用词汇以及起连接作用的关联词。

一、科技类词汇

1．advanced science尖端科学

2．scientific invention科学发明

3．exert a far-reaching impact on...对...产生一种深远的影响

4．double-edged sword双刃剑

5 earth-shaking changes翻天覆地的改变

6．pave the way for the future development为未来的发展铺平道路

7．lay a solid foundation for...为...打下良好的基础

8．energy crisis能源危机

9．depletion of resources能源消耗

10．milestone里程碑

11．sophisticated equipment尖端设备

12．technical innovation科技创新

13．over-commercialized过度商业化的

14．a heated discussion热烈的讨论

15．exhaust gas废气

16．disastrous灾难性的

17．compared to/with...与...相比

18．speedy and comfortable既快捷又舒适

19．opposite forces负面影响

20．potential hazards潜在危险

21．pose a threat to...对...有一种威胁

22．promote relative industries促进相关产业发展

23．accelerate加速...

24．means of transportation交通方式

25．transportation tools交通工具

26．social status社会地位

27．environmentally-friendly resources环保的能源

28．make people's life easier使人们生活更方便

29．alternative fuel可替代燃料

30．sustainable development可持续性发展

31．scientific exploration科学探索

32．air travel航空旅行

33．ridiculous可笑的

34．absurd荒唐的

35．substitute取代

36．overcome difficulties克服困难

37．make progress取得进步

38．a sense of national pride民族自豪感

39．unprecedented前所未有的

40．soaring不断上升的

41．give a great push to the economic growth极大地推动了经济发展

42．see dramatic breakthroughs取得突破性进展

43．aggravate使恶化

44．cure-all solution万能良药

45．portable便携的

46．innovative创新的

47．cutting-edge尖端的

48．cost-effective性价比高的

49．augment/enhance/boost/efficiency/productivity提高生产效率

50．be addicted to/be obsessed with对...着迷/上瘾

51．technological progress/advances科技进步

52．be accessible to容易获得的

53．with the advent of随着...的到来

54．pay a heavy price for sth．为...付出惨痛的代价

55．theory of circuit电路理论

56．analog electronics technology模拟电子技术

57．digital electronics technology数字电子技术

58．power electronics technology电力电子技术

59．electromagnetic field电磁场

60．automatic control theory自动控制理论

61．modern control theory现代控制理论

62．intelligent control智能控制

63．principle of microcomputer微机原理

64．computer control technology计算机控制技术

65．process control system过程控制系统

66．principle and application of single-chip computer单片机原理与应用

67．programmable logical controller system可编程序控制器系统

68．power supplying technology供电技术

69．computer simulation计算机仿真

70．signal analyzing and processing信号分析与处理

◆ Practices

Directions: For each picture, write an essay of 160-200 words with the words about Education. In your essay you should describe the drawing briefly, explain its intended meaning, and give your comments.

Picture 1: Smart phones, the new lifeline

Picture 2: Duplicity By Li Min

二、教育类词汇

1．diplomas and certificates文凭

2．the craze for graduate school study考研热

3．the examination-oriented education应试教育

4．compulsory education义务教育

5．interdisciplinary talents复合型人才

6．the rich cultural deposits文化底蕴

7．the university students' innovative undertakings大学生创业

8．expand enrollment扩招

9．be granted an official certificate被授予学位

10．good scores but low qualities高分低能

11．drop out of the school退学

12．frame an elimination system形成淘汰制度

13．impart knowledge and educate people教书育人

14．teach students according to their aptitude因材施教

15．place undue emphasis on the proportion of students entering schools of a higher level片面追求升学率

16．be a students of fine qualities and fine scholar品学兼优

17．improve the health and psychological quality提高学生身心素质

18．adjust to the social changes quickly适应社会的改变

19．meet the urgent need of the society满足社会的急需

20．protect the intellectual property保护知识产权

21．be wanting in ability and shallow in knowledge才疏学浅

22．reduce the heavy burdens减轻负担

23．a more vigorous, colorful and dynamic life更加有意义和丰富的生活

24．education in patriotism爱国主义教育

25．be innovation-minded; to have a creative mind创新精神

26．school dropout/leaver辍学/失学青少年

27．to combine ability with character; equal stress on integrity and ability德才兼备

28．to give scope to students'initiative and creativeness发挥学生的主动性、创造性

29．interdisciplinary talents复合型人才

30．open class公开课

31．intercultural communication国际文化交流

32．extracurricular activities课外活动

33．to cultivate the ability of analyzing and solving concrete problems inde pendently培养独立分析问题和解决问题的能力

34．to foster students' ability to study on their own培养学生自学能力

35．to help develop the ability of students to think things out for themselves启发学生独立思考的能力

36．exhaustion of human resources人才枯竭

37．social practice社会实践

38．cramming/forced-feeding method of teaching填鸭式教学法

39．coordinated and balanced development协调发展

40．graduate student; postgraduate（student）研究生

41．graduating student; this year's graduates应届毕业生

42．optimize the teaching staff优化教师队伍

43．new regulation on preschool education学前教育新规

◆ Practices

Directions: For each picture, write an essay of 160-200 words with the words about Education. In your essay you should describe the drawing briefly, explain its intended meaning, and give your comments.

Picture 1: Life of a student

Picture 2: Spending childhood online

Picture 3: Burden of children's eyes

Picture 4: Happy children or not？

三、经济类词汇

经济类话题是大学生常常面对的话题，如下列图片反映的网购话题“Upgraded online shopping can meet demands”：

In a recent China Youth Daily survey covering 1,969 respondents aged between 18 and 35, 68.1 percent said they value the price-performance ratio when shopping, while 58.3 percent said they would take into consideration the practicality and necessity of the goods they purchase, and 61.1 percent said they believe young people should purchase goods online to fulfill their real interests and for self-improvement.

Experts believe today's youths have a more rational approach to consumption, and the incorporation of knowledge and the fitness element into their daily lives has increasingly become a habit among them.

That young people attach more importance to the quality and price-performance ratio of the goods and services they purchase, and have a more mature consumption approach suggest they are nurturing“higher-quality consumption”as a result of China's qualitative economic development in recent years.

During the four decades of reform and opening-up, China's consumption has grown rapidly—for instance, total retail sales of social consumer goods increased from 155.86 billion yuan（$24.39 billion）in 1978 to 36.6 trillion yuan in 2017.

Once people's“quantity”demand for consumer goods is met, they tend to demand“quality”goods. This is true for consumption habits in any country.

No wonder an increasing number of young people in China are bidding adieu to indiscriminate“one-click purchase”on the internet. The rapid growth of nonliving necessities in China's consumption market in recent years indicates people's consumption demands have become increasingly diversified. In general, people today attach more importance to quality products and seek more value experience from shopping. If the unrestrained online shopping in the past was a“lower stage”of consumption, then the current trend means the upgrading of consumption from quantity to quality.

Good quality and fast delivery of goods constitute the core of good online shopping experience. Many Chinese people like online shopping because the prices of goods online are lower compared with those in brick-and-mortar stores. But online shopping may not necessarily ensure the supply of quality goods. So, the guarantee of quality goods in online stores can give consumers a true and assured sense of gain.

If the price advantage in online shopping is offset by shoddy products, then the advantage could become a disadvantage. As consumers focus more on rational shopping and quality goods, it means that the consumption supply chain is being upgraded.

Given these facts, it is important to build a scientific and efficient quality control mechanism, introduce at-source quality management, and establish a set of mature basic service and after-sales service system, to address the rising diversified needs of consumers.

Some e-commerce platforms have been working hard to meet consumers' diversified demands for high-quality shopping. For example, JD. com, one of China's leading e-commerce giants, set up a special customer experience department this year to improve a series of services for consumers, from assured purchase and quick refund, to compensation for delayed delivery, replacement of old products with new ones through home calls, and other tailored after-sales services.

Fast delivery can bring consumers a sense of instant gratification, which is particularly important during big shopping events such as“Double Eleven”when there is a high probability of express delivery congestion. So it is of vital importance to have an independent and high-quality logistics platform. The business of providing comprehensive and integrated logistics solutions for the diversified demands of consumers and consumption scenarios, and of offering better quality services to consumers and merchants, is becoming a competitive area for major e-commerce platforms.

That young Chinese have become more mature means that during shopping galas such as“Double Eleven”, every link in the demand and supply chain—from production and sales to delivery, after-sales services, technology upgrading and operation mode optimization—must be continuously strengthened to provide 32 high-quality services for consumers. In other words, only when the online shopping supply chain is upgraded can it meet the needs of rational and high-quality consumption.

（The article was first published in China Youth Daily.）

1．give play to the regulatory role of the market发挥市场的调节作用

2．excessive growth发展过快

3．take precautions against and reduce financial risks防范和化解金融风险

4．public ownership公有制

5．joint venture合资企业

6．exercise macro control实行宏观控制

7．active fiscal policy积极的财政政策

8．a mechanism that combines planned economy and market regulation计划经济和市场调节相结合的机制

9．liberate/unshackle/release the productive forces解放生产力

10．reform in economic structure经济结构改革

11．fuel economic growth拉动经济增长

12．per capital income人均收入

13．commodity economy商品经济

14．foreign-funded enterprise外资企业

15．effectively control inflation有效控制通货膨胀

16．sustainable development strategy可持续发展战略

17．to fuel economic growth拉动经济增长

18．to open up and enliven the economy开放搞活经济

19．to expand domestic demand扩大内需

20．integration with the global economy全球经济一体化

21．to turn losses into gains转亏为盈

22．decline/recession/depression萎缩/衰退/萧条

23．to increase consumption增加消费

24．net profit净利润

25．to extend cooperation扩大合作

26．economic prosperity经济繁荣

27．real estate房地产

28．stock market股市

29．macro-regulatory measures/policies宏观调控手段/政策

30．consumption goods消费品

31．a financial crisis金融危机

32．to demand exceeds supply供不应求

33．with low price and high quality物美价廉

34．after-sale service售后服务

35．during peak selling seasons旺季

36．the peak of the tourist season旅游旺季

37．the golden week for tourism旅游黄金周

38．trade mark infringement商标冒用

39．stabilize the commodity prices稳定物价

40．raise the purchasing power提高购买力

41．keep the market in good order保持市场的良好的秩序

42．be good for sale适销对路

43．out of stock脱销

44．stimulate the desire to buy刺激购买欲

45．clearance sale清仓甩卖

46．premature consumption超前消费

47．term of validity有效期

48．retail price零售价

49．whole price批发价

50．forged and fake commodities假冒伪劣

51．international tourist deficit国际游客赤字

52．lazy economy懒人经济

53．countryside tourism乡村旅游

◆ Practices

Directions: For each picture, write an essay of 160-200 words with the words about Economy. In your essay you should describe the drawing briefly, explain its intended meaning, and give your comments.

Picture 1: The price of love

Picture 2: Avoid the travel trap

Picture 3: Alibaba sets new record

四、社会生活类词汇

1．farmer laborer农民工

2．noble career崇高职业

3．white-collar workers白领

4．job-hopping跳槽

5．probationary period试用期

6．talent flow and a dual-way selection人才流动和双向选择

7．freelance work自由职业

8．money worship拜金主义

9．achieve fame and wealth获得名利

10．develop fully one's potential and creativity充分发挥个人的潜力

11．steadfast and earnest in one's work实干精神

12．excel in one's work工作出色

13．be care-free无忧无虑

14．social and personal esteem社会和个人的尊重

15．a bread and butter issue生计问题

16．living subsidies生活补助

17．talents exchange人才交流

18．cultivate talents培养人才

19．recommend the virtuous and able推荐人才

20．brain drain人才外流

21．cut off the overstaffed offices精减人员

22．improve the comprehensive quality提高综合素质

23．tackle the problem of labor force utilization解决劳动就业问题

24．be persistent in the reform progress坚持改革

25．bring about the unemployment problem造成失业问题

26．the laid-off workers下岗人员

27．give preferential treatment给出优惠政策

28．enjoy unemployment pension享受失业救济金

29．need a sense of security and guarantee of life需要安全感和生活保障

30．shortage of labour劳动力短缺

31．enhance their cultural and moral quality提高文化、智慧、品质修养

32．white-collar白领

33．strive for a relatively comfortable life奔小康

34．the social security system in urban areas城镇社会保障体系

35．get advanced in the society出人头地

36．（passenger）transport during the Spring Festival春运

37．a well-paid job待遇优厚的工作

38．pay close attention to cultural and ethical progress高度重视精神文明建设

39．matters vital to national well-being and the people's livelihood关系国计民生的大事

40．to rationally readjust the employment structure合理调整就业结构

41．ensure that the correct orientation is maintained in public opinion加强舆论监督

42．family virtues家庭美德

43．to establish a market-oriented employment mechanism建立市场导向的就业机制

44．build a clean, diligent, pragmatic and efficient government建设廉洁、勤政、务实、高效政府

45．to expand employment and reemployment扩大就业和再就业

46．help people develop practical abilities and a spirit of innovation培养创新精神和实践能力

47．aging of population人口老龄化

48．implement the policy of vigorously increasing employment实施积极促进就业的政策

49．foster the morally sound values and outlooks on the world and life树立正确的价值观、世界观、人生观

50．push ahead with education for all-around development推进素质教育

51．modern city; culturally advanced city文明城市

52．supervision by public opinion舆论监督

53．ethics of profession职业道德

54．starting from scratch白手起家

55．over consuming; excessive consumption超前消费

56．foster integration with the global economy促进全球经济一体化

57．regional protectionism地方保护主义

58．combat corruption and build a clean government反腐倡廉

59．internationalization strategy国际化战略

60．economic globalization; economic integration经济全球化

61．streamline government organs精简机构

62．refuse to take passengers拒载

63．rely on science and education to rejuvenate the nation科教兴国

64．courtesy calls for reciprocity礼尚往来

65．bubble economy泡沫经济

66．show special preference（favor）to. . ．情有独钟

67．take-out外卖

68．（of two countries or companies）have complementary advantages优势互补

69．strategic partnership战略伙伴关系

70．transform/shift the government function政府职能转变

71．make government affairs public政务公开

72．virtual nursing home虚拟养老院

73．new occupation population新职业人群

◆ Practices

Directions: For each picture, write an essay of 160-200 words with the words about Social Life. In your essay you should describe the drawing briefly, explain its intended meaning, and give your comments.

Picture 1: Jumping through hoops

Picture 2: Traffic congestion

Picture 3: Focused

五、环保类词汇

1．environmental（air/water/noise）pollution环境（空气/水/噪声）污染

2．resources exhaustion资源枯竭

3．wildlife extinction野生动物灭绝

4．endangered species濒危物种

5．natural habitat自然栖息地

6．reserved areas野生动物保护区

7．sand/dust storms沙尘暴

8．clear-cutting/deforestation滥砍滥伐

9．over-fishing过度捕捞

10．overgrazing过度放牧

11．soil erosion土壤侵蚀

12．water and soil conservation水土保持

13．desertification沙漠化

14．natural disaster自然灾害

15．drought旱灾

16．famine饥荒

17．disruption of ecological balance生态失衡

18．devastate/ruin/destroy毁坏

19．shortage of water resources水资源短缺

20．harmful chemicals有害化合物

21．poisonous/toxic gases有毒气体

22．urban smog城市烟雾

23．industrial waste工业废料

24．hazardous nuclear waste有害核废料

25．waste gas sent off from automobiles汽车排放废气

26．throw-away lunchbox一次性饭盒

27．recyclable product可循环产品

28．renewable resources可更新资源

29．solar energy太阳能

30．conserve natural resources保护自然资源

31．greenhouse effect温室效应

32．global warming全球变暖

33．energy crisis能源危机

34．shortage of fresh water淡水资源短缺

35．environmental awareness环保意识

36．survival of the fittest适者生存

37．food chain食物链

38．ecosystem生态系统

39．garbage disposal垃圾处理

40．greenhouse effect温室效应

41．pursue the strategy of sustainable development推行可持续发展战略

42．promote fundamental shifts in the economic system and mode of economic growth促进经济体制和经济增长方式的转变

43．policy of prevention in the first place and integrating prevention with control预防为主、防治结合的政策

44．raise environmental awareness among the general public提高全民环保意识

45．industrial solid wastes工业固体废物

46．protect forests from over exploitation防止过度利用森林

47．water and soil erosion水土流失

48．environment-friendly agriculture; eco-agriculture生态农业

49．sea water desalination海水淡化

50．protect fishing resource保护渔业资源

51．develop renewable resources开发可再生资源

52．environmental degradation环境恶化

53．uncontrolled urbanization城市化失控

54．air pollution concentration空气污染浓度

55．acid rain酸雨

56．suspended particles悬浮颗粒物

57．industrial dust discharged工业粉尘排放

58．motor vehicle exhaust汽车尾气排放

59．cell-driven vehicles; battery cars电动汽车

60．zero-waste cities无废城市

61．green industrial project绿色产业项目

62．unbounded forest无界森林

63．ban on catching wild birds禁猎野生鸟类

◆ Practices

Directions: For each picture, write an essay of 160-200 words with the words about Environmental Protection. In your essay you should describe the drawing briefly, explain its intended meaning, and give your comments.

Picture 1: Melting polar regions

Picture 2: Protect animals

Picture 3: Climate change

六、图画图表作文常用词

（一）图的种类及相关表达

漫画cartoon

图片picture

照片photograph

饼状图pie chart

柱状图bar chart/column chart

表格table

流程图flow chart

（二）图表数据的种类及表达

数字figure /number

数据data

统计数据statistic

比例proportion

百分比percentage

（三）数据变化及表达

不变remain stable

在一系列时间段中转变change over time

增加increase, rise, go up, surge, climb, mount

减少decrease, grow down, drop, fall, descend, decline, reduce, lessen

波动fluctuate, undulate, wave, rise and fall, up and down

迅速的rapid/rapidly

戏剧性dramatic/dramatically

有意义的significant/-ly

急剧的sharp/-ly

稳固的steady/steadily

逐渐的gradual/-ly

缓慢的slow/-ly

略微的slight/-ly

一些较大变化significant changes

（四）表比较的常用词汇

占20%比例account for 20 percent, make up 20 percent

位居第一rank the first

仅次于be second to

居第二位in second spot

与…相比compared with

◆ Practices

Directions: For each picture, write an essay of 160-200 words with the words about Environmental Protection. In your essay you should describe the drawing briefly, explain its intended meaning, and give your comments.

Picture 1: Global warming alert

Picture 2: The last supper

七、常用关联词

（一）表层次的关联词

first, firstly, to begin/start with, in the first place, second, secondly, still, furthermore, third, thirdly, what is more, last but not least, also, and, then, next, besides, and equally important, too, moreover, in addition, finally

（二）表转折的关联词

by contrast, although, though, yet, at the same time, but, despite the fact that, in contrast with, nevertheless, even though, notwithstanding, on the contrary, however, in spite of, on the other hand, otherwise

（三）表因果的关联词

therefore, consequently, because of, for the reason, thus, hence, due to, owing to, so, accordingly, thanks to, on this account, since, as, for, as a result, as a consequence

（四）表递进的关联词

furthermore, moreover, likewise, what is more, besides, also, not only... but also. . . , too, in addition

（五）表举例的关联词

for example, for instance, for one thing, to illustrate, as an illustration, a case in point

（六）表解释的关联词

as a matter of fact, frankly speaking, in this case, namely, in other words

（七）表总结的关联词

in summary, in a word, thus, as has been said, in brief, in conclusion, altogether in other words, in simpler terms, in short, in other words, on the whole, to put it differently, in consequence, hence namely, all in all, therefore, to summarize

◆ Practices

Directions: For each picture, write an essay of 160-200 words with the words about Environmental Protection. In your essay you should describe the drawing briefly, explain its intended meaning, and give your comments.

Picture 1: Water crisis

Picture 2: Bike-sharing