![文字的力量:文学如何塑造人类、文明和世界历史](https://wfqqreader-1252317822.image.myqcloud.com/cover/368/25802368/b_25802368.jpg)
插图
![](https://epubservercos.yuewen.com/069967/14269882904111706/epubprivate/OEBPS/Images/image_4_0_m.jpg?sign=1739309554-GuMGr37GRkC0MlVRLGeIRZijS1ryWQFE-0-31d1503b224618f2173dac4e60c12be5)
意大利巴洛克画家西罗·费里(Ciro Ferri,1634—1689)想象亚历山大大帝在床榻之上阅读荷马
![](https://epubservercos.yuewen.com/069967/14269882904111706/epubprivate/OEBPS/Images/image_5_0_m.jpg?sign=1739309554-CrepXhCCHPK3R7SQVoURgDa8X8DD8rAV-0-e5d14db5f58d3a4b9e87369d1d5f4c12)
阿尔布雷希特·阿尔特多费尔(Albrecht Altdorfer,约1480—1538)的画作,内容为伊苏斯之战中,大流士被亚历山大大帝追击
![](https://epubservercos.yuewen.com/069967/14269882904111706/epubprivate/OEBPS/Images/image_6_0_m.jpg?sign=1739309554-Iq9Yjc1hIgFA02lbCWekBRG4FvCP75mS-0-079f4bc233a1b56acd934ac38a2a050b)
14世纪的波斯《列王书》(Book of Kings)绘本,描绘了亚历山大大帝之死
![](https://epubservercos.yuewen.com/069967/14269882904111706/epubprivate/OEBPS/Images/image_7_0_m.jpg?sign=1739309554-YlNM4nJm8cfKUXjKFLQxlsteaPq4JnK4-0-114e245660bda25cd4c25e44e27d79f4)
埃及花岗岩雕塑,雕刻着一位端坐的抄写员,公元前第三千年
![](https://epubservercos.yuewen.com/069967/14269882904111706/epubprivate/OEBPS/Images/image_8_0_m.jpg?sign=1739309554-a5PYH54c0FFngYoMTrG5HLxqbMGIfkKr-0-010d0a7f1d7245d3730272182d4d510a)
刻有楔形文字的黏土信封和信件,约公元前1927—前1836年
![](https://epubservercos.yuewen.com/069967/14269882904111706/epubprivate/OEBPS/Images/1.jpg?sign=1739309554-3NQYBDwdQ2SUqVSmofTdXvSc8yfRE6OI-0-3ede66c3207864a1f4a863e9f5e7370d)
这件由詹姆斯·弗格森(James Fergusson)制作的平板印刷品,想象了尼姆鲁德(Nimrud)被还原的美丽全貌
![](https://epubservercos.yuewen.com/069967/14269882904111706/epubprivate/OEBPS/Images/image_11_0_m.jpg?sign=1739309554-q2ym6L4w1AlSJKniSwzV44Y0NzJoN2HL-0-a58090d7d22028a3598a04c368a3d6eb)
留存至今最古老的拉丁语《圣经》的手稿之一,即《阿米提奴抄本》(Codex Amiatinus),图中为中世纪的基督徒们想象以斯拉在书房中写作
![](https://epubservercos.yuewen.com/069967/14269882904111706/epubprivate/OEBPS/Images/image_12_0_m.jpg?sign=1739309554-D0OrjjF0be9DglgpdaFCI5aPokRi1w5D-0-cead119756d0c1e7509c99a689a1d7a6)
八岛岳亭于19世纪早期所作的日本木刻版画,描绘的是孔子的十位弟子
![](https://epubservercos.yuewen.com/069967/14269882904111706/epubprivate/OEBPS/Images/image_13_0_m.jpg?sign=1739309554-MPkjbG1iGhnvnu8Zo8A7CQCz3ORmfLdJ-0-3b9dfb31fb31d0c74699fb568c745de6)
18世纪的西藏绘画作品,描绘了佛陀在印度的灵鹫山上讲法
![](https://epubservercos.yuewen.com/069967/14269882904111706/epubprivate/OEBPS/Images/image_14_0_m.jpg?sign=1739309554-7eLEyvuzMzgZn3dKHNlwjkwAS6fyhMCE-0-d262ca7c220ecae48644a686925626e5)
法国画家雅克–路易·大卫(Jacques-Louis David,1748—1825)描绘了苏格拉底在学生的陪伴下于临死前探讨哲学
![](https://epubservercos.yuewen.com/069967/14269882904111706/epubprivate/OEBPS/Images/image_14_1_m.jpg?sign=1739309554-EPZTQrWxtJhX4KHgZRUP9JL4mHn5PH7x-0-560aad611de5eb71d3b40b27e07dda07)
多梅尼哥·基尔兰达约(Domenico Ghirlandaio)于1481年所作的壁画,将摩西(位于画中左侧)和《圣经·旧约》与耶稣和他的门徒们连接起来
![](https://epubservercos.yuewen.com/069967/14269882904111706/epubprivate/OEBPS/Images/2.jpg?sign=1739309554-CP1gOlZxVAwIipcCq7h898kYSEFsIFUg-0-8e9b517dd49be52f08b42538ad11df0f)
这幅来自中国的丝绸画卷(5世纪至8世纪)描绘了一位宫廷女史在劝诫她的学徒们
![](https://epubservercos.yuewen.com/069967/14269882904111706/epubprivate/OEBPS/Images/image_17_0_m.jpg?sign=1739309554-n2DZKmSgrUvo7fOyZeojqoL2s1lF6pYs-0-553e1a3c7ed775b7be8be3b1b86a3018)
来自庞贝的罗马壁画,描绘的是一位女子手持蜡板和尖笔,它们是用于日常写作和记账的工具
![](https://epubservercos.yuewen.com/069967/14269882904111706/epubprivate/OEBPS/Images/image_18_0_m.jpg?sign=1739309554-QksYDWOkEc5mbosHo7qojtDLsPXlrzzf-0-b7b4fb7fa64f2dd78fcaf52c2da21779)
紫式部宛如神启,创作了《源氏物语》。艺术家铃木春信(1725—1770)为每种颜色使用了不同的木版,完成了这幅套色版画
![](https://epubservercos.yuewen.com/069967/14269882904111706/epubprivate/OEBPS/Images/3.jpg?sign=1739309554-FuK0DH29C4SLwDMiE9q7r2XBsBdeALHn-0-e21d78590bbe239bb4c6d2bbaaf0d707)
一部13世纪版本的紫式部日记。紫式部极有可能是右下角的侍女
![](https://epubservercos.yuewen.com/069967/14269882904111706/epubprivate/OEBPS/Images/4.jpg?sign=1739309554-a5IKRSX1H49WnYUIiUVR18SyDAsbTV8n-0-20e80fe3322427021007f35032281c16)
一把17世纪由金纸制成的扇子,扇面描绘紫式部在书桌前写作
![](https://epubservercos.yuewen.com/069967/14269882904111706/epubprivate/OEBPS/Images/image_23_0_m.jpg?sign=1739309554-frGjCuo7IqbtxDIGLVgVXTtgMAWpgZE0-0-e9b91e454a4b1f705d62f76e608729bc)
艺术家叶海亚·伊本·马哈茂德·瓦西提(Yahya ibn Mahmud al-Wasiti)在一部装饰华美的阿拉伯语手稿里,描绘了1237年一群学者和学生在巴格达的图书馆里
![](https://epubservercos.yuewen.com/069967/14269882904111706/epubprivate/OEBPS/Images/image_24_0_m.jpg?sign=1739309554-ufDxNiLJYNvNy0H7r1unKPIcDUTMBoKt-0-981837e77e76b9c721139702f98211ae)
《端坐的抄写员》(Seated Scribe),被认为是甄提尔·贝里尼(Gnetile Bellini,约1429—1507)所作,融合了西方和奥斯曼的绘画风格
![](https://epubservercos.yuewen.com/069967/14269882904111706/epubprivate/OEBPS/Images/image_25_0_m.jpg?sign=1739309554-gg9npSCCKJnuVxgVva63qdQnHWh06WrN-0-2d77d835322b50f7e3cf415745ef3836)
这部来自1180年左右的《古兰经》书法风格独树一帜:alif及lam这两个字母比其他字母高很多
![](https://epubservercos.yuewen.com/069967/14269882904111706/epubprivate/OEBPS/Images/image_26_0_m.jpg?sign=1739309554-Oy9BPUUOSu0HXJliXvqRvEIrLOQcA4ey-0-9f528ce5393a24bc57c3d79963bab1bb)
在这幅画于12世纪的画像中,抄写员爱德温(Eadwine the Scribe)在用心抄写对开本手稿
![](https://epubservercos.yuewen.com/069967/14269882904111706/epubprivate/OEBPS/Images/image_27_0_m.jpg?sign=1739309554-oNjEOfWx80PkKb8EBZpH3d8H3e9qcxNz-0-d5d3dcf1885e29bb5c9e8df45e78f9f4)
约翰内斯·谷登堡于1455年左右印刷的拉丁语《圣经》中《创世记》的开篇,字母由抄写员彼得·舍费尔刻制
![](https://epubservercos.yuewen.com/069967/14269882904111706/epubprivate/OEBPS/Images/image_28_0_m.jpg?sign=1739309554-wuHH6dBEKEnF6Xr9KxKJfKJrj5yYBMpD-0-e37024ed513b96bbfee4c0c3d1f0bc06)
1534年由马丁·路德翻译的《圣经》的扉页,带有彩色木刻画
![](https://epubservercos.yuewen.com/069967/14269882904111706/epubprivate/OEBPS/Images/5.jpg?sign=1739309554-V7aMpYIgm9aKj3QRwUsEqsfDSL1600X3-0-49340e7fcfe8343bb85ab9981b19d4f0)
《德累斯顿手抄本》(Dresdan Codex,13世纪至14世纪)是极少数在西班牙对美洲的殖民中保存下来的玛雅书籍之一,这是其中的六页
![](https://epubservercos.yuewen.com/069967/14269882904111706/epubprivate/OEBPS/Images/6.jpg?sign=1739309554-MSl1BLcKRAbvyJdBAhGTQBumVFBqtEzo-0-731748aa7569c452ac1abfd46255e3ff)
《波波尔·乌》中刻画的玛雅球赛有宗教意义
![](https://epubservercos.yuewen.com/069967/14269882904111706/epubprivate/OEBPS/Images/image_33_0_m.jpg?sign=1739309554-xgO2n88GX0X6quUjEKizsMoJoTFuabDy-0-8b9bd180101bfea7f76493807e23fb70)
一名17世纪的小贩在兜售书本,以迎合一个正在扩张的文学市场
![](https://epubservercos.yuewen.com/069967/14269882904111706/epubprivate/OEBPS/Images/image_34_0_m.jpg?sign=1739309554-Z4vPUdZeJHzeI2GQylxKYQXvFoWxQ7q7-0-dfe5d101247f97b414e89f7277b46cbd)
由阿隆索·费尔南德斯·德·阿韦利亚内达所作,未经授权的《堂吉诃德》续集的英文翻译
![](https://epubservercos.yuewen.com/069967/14269882904111706/epubprivate/OEBPS/Images/image_35_0_m.jpg?sign=1739309554-ij1HYidyBYI6c54pc8IFqhwQ6I2x8R46-0-3db838dfac7c18fe8e8bc59215c1b3c3)
这幅由让–奥诺雷·弗拉戈纳尔(Jean-Honoré Fragonard)于1770年左右创作的油画,展现了女性读者的重要性
![](https://epubservercos.yuewen.com/069967/14269882904111706/epubprivate/OEBPS/Images/image_36_0_m.jpg?sign=1739309554-0uVrzYekELyV2wkw92yq6wbzvs76hpEM-0-97b0ca8a1b0314514465a9e183d55194)
画家约翰·约瑟夫·施美乐(Johann Joseph Schmeller,1796—1841)描绘了歌德在对抄写员进行口述,后者记录下了他的许多谈话
![](https://epubservercos.yuewen.com/069967/14269882904111706/epubprivate/OEBPS/Images/image_37_0_m.jpg?sign=1739309554-5wyvgzRELS0D1vH5Futt4Gs7gFLUz5Ym-0-0bb97e3852f8a58e7a4ecd0230ebd1e4)
位于魏玛的安娜·阿玛莉亚公爵夫人的图书馆,歌德曾在这里广泛地阅读
![](https://epubservercos.yuewen.com/069967/14269882904111706/epubprivate/OEBPS/Images/image_38_0_m.jpg?sign=1739309554-zHxrLrlr1xjvroZ4jwaCmk0bziJ0bmCd-0-82b8b1257ea6b8549e1974cf40c6adf2)
尤金·阿杰特(Eugène Atget)这张照片拍摄的是19世纪末期的巴黎:一个人在捡破布,收集造纸的原材料
![](https://epubservercos.yuewen.com/069967/14269882904111706/epubprivate/OEBPS/Images/image_39_0_m.jpg?sign=1739309554-CVSFmwnuu0suAQD5oyS6C1NTWohvAP2y-0-e2db2c87ad818ede31608ee4d9972eda)
拉斯姆斯·马林–汉森(Rasmus Malling-Hansen)在19世纪70年代于丹麦发明的球型打字机,是第一台商业生产的打字机
![](https://epubservercos.yuewen.com/069967/14269882904111706/epubprivate/OEBPS/Images/image_40_0_m.jpg?sign=1739309554-zaGuzGz4DVcZopslQMCVwbKp6Yl4KbV1-0-620770611156950b1ce3f453df522ed7)
这张1920年的俄语宣传海报推崇阅读,因为“知识会打破奴役的枷锁”
![](https://epubservercos.yuewen.com/069967/14269882904111706/epubprivate/OEBPS/Images/image_41_0_m.jpg?sign=1739309554-c0C1mhVRuMWJRe0xwC573ecvTirGYmKb-0-aa07774709f9daf9bdc724af789de9db)
立体派画家内森·阿尔特曼为安娜·阿赫玛托娃所作的画像,作于1914年
![](https://epubservercos.yuewen.com/069967/14269882904111706/epubprivate/OEBPS/Images/image_42_0_m.jpg?sign=1739309554-skXGtqSph0ywtgt7Ca4qaRZaCOH3JntO-0-b8d202b1c69aa1fe718a304e9eb6db38)
在苏联用于复制和传播“地下出版”文学的全套装备
![](https://epubservercos.yuewen.com/069967/14269882904111706/epubprivate/OEBPS/Images/image_42_1_m.jpg?sign=1739309554-cvyAg1VDBAPqfdzsFm3705DElif55l19-0-e832e917eaa2d4134f871c4ed35f80df)
一台20世纪70年代的CPT8100文字处理台式微型计算机
![](https://epubservercos.yuewen.com/069967/14269882904111706/epubprivate/OEBPS/Images/image_43_0_m.jpg?sign=1739309554-KhNL04nDcuFGQmdAny9E7SXAT7d675Ly-0-1361c7de1b4f8a7f01681baed2b2470a)
哈佛大学的安能堡食堂,学生认为它是霍格沃茨礼堂的原型